The operational costs of implementing these interventions vary which are contingent on the mode, location, and strategy of the intervention. Research indicates that the operational costs of vaccine-related reminder systems range from $1087 to $1349 USD. Generally, the cost per reminder message is influenced by the method and frequency of the reminders. The cost of sending reminders by text message or email is relatively low, ranging from $0.1 to $0.8 per message. By contrast, the implementation cost of school-based immunization interventions conducted is higher, approximately $23.98 USD per vaccination dose [1].
A modeling study predicted the cost-effectiveness of promoting HPV vaccination interventions in a medium-sized state with nearly five million people over the next 50 years. The study compared three different intervention methods in the United States: quality improvement (QI) visits to primary care clinics, school-based HPV vaccination programs, and HPV vaccination reminders and recalls. The QI visit was referred to the CDC-funded curriculum which was remodeled in 2019 as the Immunization Quality Improvement for Providers.
The research shows that all three interventions were cost-effective compared with no intervention at all. Among them, the QI visit had the lowest implementation cost and cost per QALY gained [$1,538/quality-adjusted life year (QALY)] versus no intervention. Statewide centralized reminders for HPV vaccination shows an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $28,290 USD/QALY compared to QI visits. Although school-based vaccination had the highest costs, it also shows the best outcomes, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $18,337 USD/QALY versus QI visits [2].
Content Reviewer: Kelly Hunter, Menglu Jiang
Page Editor: Ziqi Liu
References:
- Smulian EA, Mitchell KR, Stokley S: Interventions to increase HPV vaccination coverage: a systematic review. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 2016, 12(6):1566-1588.
- Spencer JC, Brewer NT, Trogdon JG, Weinberger M, Coyne-Beasley T, Wheeler SB: Cost-effectiveness of interventions to increase HPV vaccine uptake. Pediatrics 2020, 146(6).
